Fusion rules from the Norton inequality

Abstract

The Norton inequality is one of the fundamental axioms in the theory of Majorana and axial algebras, yet its precise structural consequences have remained only partially understood. In this paper, we show that the Norton inequality alone forces the $0$- and $1$-eigenspace fusion rules for arbitrary idempotents in a commutative real algebra $A$ equipped with a Frobenius form. More precisely, if the Frobenius form is nondegenerate (as in Majorana algebras), we prove that the eigenspaces $A_0(e)$ and $A_1(e)$ of an arbitrary idempotent $e \in A$ are subalgebras and annihilate one another: \[ A_0(e)A_1(e)=\{0\}, \] while in the degenerate case the corresponding inclusions hold modulo the radical of the Frobenius form. This answers a question of T. M. Mudziiri Shumba and S. Shpectorov concerning the closure of the $0$-eigenspace $A_0(e)$.

Disclosure

“Use of artificial intelligence The author declares the use of the artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT 5.5 to assist with lan- guage editing, organization, and feedback on the consistency of some arguments. All mathe- matical statements, proofs, references, and final editorial decisions were independently checked and verified by the author,”

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2026-08-24T00:28:51.963Z

Structural counts